Altered gene expression associated cancer development.

Chemical structure of squalene.

Principal pathways such as angiogenesis, metastasis, proliferation and growth factors as targets for the treatment of cancer.

Extrinsic Pathway (Death receptor pathway) is activated when a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor is stimulated by particular death ligands that recruits proteins (adaptor protein) and activate initiator caspases (caspases 8) which further activate effector caspases (caspase 3). Whereas, intrinsic pathway (mitochondrial pathway) activate other signals, such as being DNA damage which cannot be repaired, the p53 (tumor suppressor gene) protein activates a subpathway that leads to release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrion, with successive participation of the apoptosome [a complex of procaspase 9, cytochrome c and apoptic activating protease factor-1 (Apaf-1)], and activation of caspasen 3 (initiator caspases) and caspase 9.

R→ Receptor for growth factors, trophic factor and cell to cell contact factor (Continuous stimulation to this receptor is necessary for cell survival). Fas ligand→Trans membrane receptor that induce apoptosis. miRNAs→ micro RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. p53→ tumor suppressor protein.