Change in serum cholesterol levels in the experimental groups. The data are shown as mean ± SEM; n = 10. **P < 0.01 ***P < 0.001 vs. control group and ⁺⁺⁺P < 0.001 vs. ADR group and ^###P < 0.001 vs. Ext-600-ADR group at each given time point. (Main effect by two-way mixed design ANOVA: treatment: P < 0.001; time: P < 0.001; interactions: P < 0.001).

Serum albumin concentration in the experimental groups. The data are shown as mean ± SEM; n = 10. **P < 0.01 ***P < 0.001 vs. control group and ⁺P < 0.05, ⁺⁺P < 0.01 ⁺⁺⁺P < 0.001 vs. ADR group at each given time point. (Main effect by two-way mixed design ANOVA: treatment: P < 0.001; time: P < 0.001; interactions: P < 0.001).

Change in proteinuria in experimental groups. The data are shown as mean ± SEM; n = 10. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. control group and ⁺P < 0.05, ⁺⁺⁺P < 0.001 vs. ADR group at each given time point. (Main effect by two-way mixed design ANOVA: treatment: P < 0.001; time: P < 0.001; interactions: P < 0.001).

Glomerular filtration rate. The data are shown as mean ± SEM; n = 10. (Main effect by two-way mixed design ANOVA: treatment: P = 0.688; time: P < 0.05; interactions: P = 0.249).

Comparison of TUNEL positive (apoptotic) cells per unit area (mm2) in the rat kidney of the all experimental groups. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. control group and ⁺⁺⁺P < 0.001 vs. ADR group.

Photomicrographs showing the TUNEL positive cells in the renal cortex (CX) and medulla (MD) in different group of animals. Control group (A) showing normal morphology. ADR group (B). P. major extract (600, 1200 mg/kg) (C & D respectively) Arrows show apoptotic cell (magnification 400×, scale bar = 100 μm).