The structure of alveoli and pulmonary bronchioles with normal epithelial tissue and without any specific histopathological lesions in the parenchyma of the lungs of the healthy rats (H&E, 100×).|@|~(^,^)~|@|It shows the presence of inflammatory cells, including a large number of lymphocyte cells and a small number of neutrophils around the blood vessels of the lungs of the methotrexate group (H&E, 400×).|@|~(^,^)~|@|Hemorrhage of the alveoli and the presence of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, in the inner margin and around the blood vessels of the lungs of the drug carrier group (H&E, 400×).|@|~(^,^)~|@|It shows vascular congestion and the presence of inflammatory lymphocyte cells and a small number of neutrophils around the blood vessels of the lungs of the silymarin group (H&E, 100×).|@|~(^,^)~|@|It shows the increase in the thickness of the alveoli wall and the presence of inflammatory cells around the blood vessels and lung parenchyma of the citral group (H&E, 100×).|@|~(^,^)~|@|It shows mild congestion of pulmonary vessels and the presence of inflammatory cells around the vessels and bronchioles in the lung parenchyma of the thymoquinone group (H&E, 100×).|@|~(^,^)~|@|The effects of silymarin, citral, and thymoquinone on methotrexate-induced oxidative stress. A: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the lung tissue (a: p < 0.05 vs. methotrexate group and b: p < 0.01 vs. drug carrier). B: malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung tissue (p < 0.05: a vs. methotrexate group). The results were expressed as mean ± S.E.M.

J Pharmacopuncture 2023;26:184~191 https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2023.26.2.184