Articles

Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Dorema Species (Apiaceae): A Review
1Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
5Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
6Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
7Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
8Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
9Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
Correspondence to:Seyed Ahmad Emami
Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Tel: +0985131801267
E-mail: emamia@mums.ac.ir
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
J Pharmacopuncture 2020; 23(3): 91-123
Published September 30, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2020.23.3.91
Copyright © The Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute.
Abstract
Keywords
INTRODUCTION
The genus
In the current review we present a comprehensive report on ethnobotanical and traditional uses, phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities of the genus
BOTANY
1. Botanical description of Dorema spp.
They are confined to calcareous soils, often mixed with rock debris. One species,
2. Threats and conservation priorities
The genus
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
The instrumental analysis was revealed that a range of various compounds were identified in Dorema species, including essential oil structure that made up hydrocarbon molecules and classified as terpenes, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones and phenols, also contain phenolic and coumarin compounds (Table 2). These phytochemicals derived from different parts of Dorema species such as flower, fruit, leaf, stem and root.
ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF DDorema spp .
Among 12 species of
Western and Indian herbalists recommended it as an antispasmodic, expectorant, diaphoretic and emmenagogue agent and also for treatment of catarrh, asthma, chronic bronchitis and persistent coughing [39, 40].
Jordanian herbalist recommended the usage of the resin of
In Afghanistan, herbal medicine has been used under the name of Unani medicine for centuries. In different parts of Kabul, there are numerous Unani or Loqmani pharmacies locally called “Attari” where Hakims are prescribing the flowers of
In Pakistan,
In Iranian folk medicine,
Based on the folk beliefs of Azerbaijan and Armenian people,
In former times, some
In Uzbekistan, milky latex from the roots of
NATURE OF D. ammoniacum DESCRIBED IN ITM
In all of ITM literatures the Mizaj (temperament) of
“It is also called “agasyllon”, “criotheos”, or “heliastrus”, and the Romans call it “gutta”. Its smell is similar to castor odor with bitter taste.it has a good color, is not woody, without stones, similar to frankincense in little clots, clear and thick, without filth, this type is called “thrausma” and its earthy or stony kind is called “phurama” [51].
USES OF D. ammoniacum IN ITM
According to ITM texts,
1. Liver and spleen
One of the most traditional uses of
The liniment of
2. Gastrointestinal system
In the most of the investigated ITM books,
3. Upper respiratory tract
The therapeutic properties of
4. Eyes
In all ITM records, treating ocular problems by
5. Central nervous systems
Due to descanting effects of
6. Genitourinary system
7. Skin
8. Joints and muscles
There are several records on the traditional use of
PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS
So far, various pharmacological activities have been reported from
CONCLUSION
Ethnobotanical and traditional medicines are considered as valuable approaches for discovering new medicines because of antiquity medical usage of them over generations. In the current review, the beneficial properties and applications of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by grants from Research Affairs of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflicts od interest.
References
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Related articles in JoP

Article
Review Article
J Pharmacopuncture 2020; 23(3): 91-123
Published online September 30, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2020.23.3.91
Copyright © The Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute.
Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Dorema Species (Apiaceae): A Review
Elaheh Zibaee1 , Mohammad Sadegh Amiri2
, Zahra Boghrati1
, Faeghe Farhadi3
, Mahin Ramezani4,5
, Seyed Ahmad Emami1*
, Amirhossein Sahebkar6,7,8,9
1Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
5Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
6Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
7Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
8Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
9Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
Correspondence to:Seyed Ahmad Emami
Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Tel: +0985131801267
E-mail: emamia@mums.ac.ir
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The application of antique medical instructions, practices, skills and knowledge has been considered as the most affordable treatment in many developing countries. The use of these preparations and prescriptions over generations has made a useful and valuable guide for drug discovery in modern medicine. Medical herbs have been of a high importance for this purpose. The genus Dorema, of Apiaceae family (Umbelliferae) has a wide use in ethnobotany and traditional medicine around the world. It has been used as a treatment for CNS disease, convulsion, upper respiratory tract problems, gastrointestinal disorder and high blood sugar. Furthermore, phytochemical investigations have reported Dorema species to contain a wide range of constituents including terpenes, coumarins and phenolic compounds. The current review summarizes comprehensive information regarding botany, phytochemistry andpharmacological aspects of Dorema spp.
Keywords: Dorema, phytochemistry, pharmacology
INTRODUCTION
The genus
In the current review we present a comprehensive report on ethnobotanical and traditional uses, phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities of the genus
BOTANY
1. Botanical description of Dorema spp.
They are confined to calcareous soils, often mixed with rock debris. One species,
-
Table 1
Scientific names and synonyms of reported
Dorema species worldwide [according to The Plant List (2013)].No Dorema species (Accepted names)Synonyms 1 D. aitchisonii Korovin ex Pimenov2 D. ammoniacum D.DonD. gummiferum (Jaub. & Spach) K.M.Korol.D. hirsutum Lofius ex I.G.Borshch.3 D. aucheri Boiss.D. robustum Lofius ex I.G.Borshch.4 D. aureum Stocks5 D. badhysi Pimenov6 D. balchanorum Pimenov7 D. glabrum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.8 D. hyrcanum Koso-Pol.D. gummiferum auct.9 D. karataviense Korovin10 D. kopetdaghense Pimenov11 D. microcarpum KorovinD. namanganicum K.M. Korol.12 D. sabulosum Litv.D. sabulosum var.borszczowii Litv.
2. Threats and conservation priorities
The genus
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
The instrumental analysis was revealed that a range of various compounds were identified in Dorema species, including essential oil structure that made up hydrocarbon molecules and classified as terpenes, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones and phenols, also contain phenolic and coumarin compounds (Table 2). These phytochemicals derived from different parts of Dorema species such as flower, fruit, leaf, stem and root.
-
Table 2
Chemical composition from different parts of
Dorema species.Name of compound Structure Species Plant part Ref Essential oil components 1 α-pinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Aerial parts Flower Stem Seed Leaf Root Leaves Aerial parts Stem Seed Aerial parts [14-18] [19, 20] [21] 2 camphene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Stem Root Seed Stem [14] [19, 20] 3 β-pinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Stem Root Seed Stem [14] [19, 20] 4 β-myrcene D. aucheri D. glabrum D. ammoniacum Seed Stem Aerial part Flower Stem Root Leaves [19, 20] [21] [14, 17, 18] 5 p -cymeneD. ammoniacum Aerial parts Flower stem Root [14, 15, 18] 6 limonene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Flower stem Seed Root Leaf Leaves Aerial parts Seed Stem Aerial parts [14, 16, 18] [19, 20] [21] 7 β-phellandrene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Root [15] 8 1,3,8- p -menthatrieneD. ammoniacum Aerial part [22] 9 p -mentha-1,8-dieneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 10 ( E )-β-ocimeneD. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Flower Stem Root Leaves Aerial parts Aerial parts [14, 18] [19] [21] 11 ( Z )-β-ocimeneD. glabrum D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Stem Leaves [21] [18] 12 terpinolene (δ-terpinene) D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Aerial parts Flower Root Stem Leaf Leaves Aerial parts Seed Stem [14, 15, 17-19] [19, 20] 13 terpinene-4-ol D. aucheri Aerial part [20] 14 thymol methyl ether D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Root Seed Aerial parts [14, 16] [19] 15 thymol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Seed Stem Aerial part Seed Stem [16] [20] 16 methyl geranate D. aucheri Aerial part [19] 17 carvacrol methyl ether D. ammoniacum D. glabrum Flower Stem Root Root [14] [23] 18 carvacrol D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Stem Seed Stem Seed [20] [16] 19 methyleugenol D. ammoniacum Seed [16] 20 bornyl acetate D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Stem Root Leaves Aerial parts Seed Stem [14, 18] [19, 20] 21 fenchyl acetate D. glabrum Aerial parts [21] 22 endo-fenchol D. ammoniacum Leaf [18] 23 α-fenchyl Acetate D. glabrum Root [23] 24 α-cubebene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Fruit Stem Root Aerial parts [14, 22] [19] 25 β-cubebene D. aucheri Aerial parts [20] 26 β-elemene D. aucheri Aerial parts [20] 27 α-copaene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Flower Fruit Stem Seed Leaves Root Aerial parts Seed Stem Root [14, 16, 22] [19, 20] [23] 28 β-copaene D. aucheri Aerial parts [22] 29 aristolene D. ammoniacum Flower stem [14] 30 β-patchoulene D. aucheri Aerial parts [19] 31 α-gurjunene D. ammoniacum Flower stem [14, 16] 32 β-gurjunene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Stem Root Aerial parts Seed Stem [14] [19, 20] 33 β-caryophyllene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Seed Root Leaf Aerial parts Seed Stem [14, 16, 17] [19, 20, 24] 34 caryophyllene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 35 α-santalene D. aucheri Aerial parts [19] 36 aromadendrene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Seed Root Aerial parts [14, 16] [19] 37 α-guaiene D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14] 38 benzyl butanoate D. ammoniacum Root [14] 39 α-himachalene D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14] 40 allo-aromadendrene D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14] 41 dehydroaromadendrane D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14, 16] 42 α-amorphene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Root Seed Stem [14] [20] 43 δ-amorphene D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14] 44 β-selinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Seed Root Seed Stem [14, 16] [20] 45 α-selinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Aerial part Flower Root Stem Seed Stem [14, 15] [20] 46 viridiflorene D. aucheri Aerial part [19] 47 α-muurolene D. ammoniacum D. glabrum Flower, stem Root Root [14] [23] 48 γ-muurolene D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 49 cadalene D. glabrum Root [23] 50 δ-cadinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Flower seed Stem Aerial parts Seed Stem Root [14, 16, 17] [18, 20, 24] [23] 51 γ-cadinene D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Seed Stem [19] [16] 52 cadina-1,4-diene D. aucheri Aerial part [19] 53 trans -cadina-1(2),4-dieneD. ammoniacum Stem [16] 54 β-sesquiphellandrene D. ammoniacum Seed [16] 55 ledol D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 56 liguloxide D. ammoniacum Flower Root Stem [14] 57 ( E )-nerolidolD. ammoniacum D. glabrum Flower Root Leaf Stem Seed Root [14, 16, 17] [23] 58 3- n -butyl phthalideD. ammoniacum Root [14] 59 2-pentylfuran D. glabrum Aerial parts [21] 60 myristicin D. glabrum Aerial parts [21] 61 elemicin D. glabrum Aerial parts [21] 62 methyl heptenone D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 63 trans -sesquisabinene hydrateD. aucheri Aerial parts [19] 64 γ-eudesmol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Seed Stem Aerial parts [16] [19] 65 α-eudesmol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Seed Stem Aerial parts [16] [19, 24] 66 β-eudesmol D. ammoniacum Seed Stem [16] 67 sesquicineol-2-one D. ammoniacum Seed Stem [16] 68 germacrene D-4-ol D. aucheri Aerial part [19] 69 α-cadinol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Stem Seed Aerial parts Root [16] [19] [23] 70 δ-cadinol D. glabrum Root [23] 71 spathulenol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Fruit Seed Stem Seed Stem [16, 22] [20] 72 caryophyllene oxide D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Fruit Seed Stem Leaf Seed Stem [16, 17, 22] [20] 73 4-methylene-5-hexenal D. ammoniacum Stem [18] 74 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one D. ammoniacum Stem [18] 75 allyl tiglate D. ammoniacum Stem [18] 76 nerolidyl acetate D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 77 ammoresinol D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [25] 78 nonanol D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 79 camphor D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 80 trans -2-caren-4-olD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 81 β-cyclocitral D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 82 piperitenone oxide D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 83 ( E )-2-nonenalD. ammoniacum Stem [18] 84 β-citronellol D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 85 β-damascenone D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 86 cedr-8[15]-ene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 87 cubenol D. aucheri D. glabrum Aerial parts Root [19] [23] 88 thujopsene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 89 ylangene D. glabrum D. aucheri Aerial parts Seed Stem [21] [20] 90 nerylacetone D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15, 17] 91 geranyl acetone D. glabrum Aerial parts Root [21] [23] 92 ( E )-tagetoneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 93 ( Z )-tagetoneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 94 ( Z )-ocimenoneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 95 ( E )-ocimenoneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 96 α-bisabolene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 97 β-bourbonene D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Seed Stem Fruit [20] [22] 98 italicene D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 99 di-epi-α-cedrene D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 100 α-longipinene D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 101 α-cedrene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 102 β-cedrene D. glabrum D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Fruit [21] [22] 103 β-barbatene D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 104 α-humulene D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Seed Stem Fruit [17, 18] [22] 105 ar -curcumeneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 106 germacrene D D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Stem Seed Seed Stem Fruit [17, 18] [16, 22] 107 germacrene B D. aucheri D. glabrum Aerial parts Aerial parts Root [19] [21, 23] 108 bicyclogermacrene D. ammoniacum Fruit Seed [16, 22] 109 cuparene D. glabrum D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Sead Stem Fruit [21] [20] [24] 110 α-cadinene D. ammoniacum Fruit Stem [16, 22] 111 2-nonanone D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 112 ( Z )-hexadec-11-enalD. ammoniacum Stem [16] 113 hexadecanal D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 114 ethyl linoleate D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 115 ( Z ,E )-farnesalD. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 116 pentadecanal D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 117 dodecyl methacrylate D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 118 17-octadecenal D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 119 13-tetradecenal D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 120 tetradecanal D. glabrum D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Stem Seed [21] [16] 121 trans -sesquilavandulolD. ammoniacum Seed Stem [16] 122 neophytadiene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15, 17] 123 neocembren D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 124 ( E )-5-undecen-3-yneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 125 ( Z )-(E )-farneseneD. ammoniacum Aerial parts [22] 126 trans -β-farneseneD. ammoniacum Seed [16] 127 n -hexadecanoic acidD. ammoniacum D. aucheri Aerial parts [15] [19] 128 kopetdaghin A D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [2, 26] 129 kopetdaghin B D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [26] 130 kopetdaghin C D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [2, 26] 131 kopetdaghin D D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [2, 26] 132 kopetdaghin E D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [2, 26] 133 hexadecan D. aucheri Aerial parts [21] 134 decanol D. ammoniacum Stem [18] 135 heptadecanoic acid D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 136 oleic acid D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 137 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 138 methylbenzene D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 139 cyclohexane, 1,3-dimethyl, trans D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 140 valeraldehyde D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 141 octane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 142 imidazole-5-carboxylic acid, 2-amino D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 143 butyl acetate D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 144 cyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl, cis D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 145 N,N-dimethyl cyclobutane-1,1-bis(methylamine) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 146 furfural D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 147 deuteroacetone D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 148 styrene D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 149 1-methyldodecylamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 150 aziridine, 1-(2-buten-2-yl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 151 sabinene D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 152 decane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem Seed [17, 18] 153 acetamide, 2-chloro D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 154 2-butylamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 155 phenyl acetaldehyde D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 156 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine-6-carboxylic acid D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 157 benzenamine, N-methyl-2-(2-propenyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 158 undecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem Seed [17, 18] 159 limonene oxide D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 160 isopropyl isocyanate D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 161 2-hexanamine, 4-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 162 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyrone D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 163 dodecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 164 2,4-hexadiene, 3-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 165 β-fenchyl alcohol D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 166 homarine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 167 2-( N ,N -dimethyl hydrazino) cyclohexane carbonitrileD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 168 phenol, 4-(2-aminopropyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 169 2-oxo-3-methyl- cis -perhydro-1,3-benzoxazineD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 170 trans -carveolD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 171 benzene, (2-fluoro-2-methoxycyclopropyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 172 2(1H)-naphthalenone, octahydro-8a-methyl, trans D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 173 p -methoxyamphetamineD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 174 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 175 2-methyl amphetamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 176 2-methoxy amphetamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 177 tridecane D. ammoniacum D. glabrum Leaf Stem Aerial parts [17] [21] 178 benzenemethanol, alpha-(1-aminoethyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 179 naphthalene, 1,2-dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 180 rimantadine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 181 heptadecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 182 calarene D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 183 1-[a-(1-adamantyl) benzylidene] thiosemicarbazide D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 184 benzenemethanol, 3-hydroxy-alpha-[(methylamino) methyl] D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 185 1 S- cis -calameneneD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 186 calamenene D. glabrum Root [23] 187 aptrol (4-Methylamphetamine) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 188 farnesol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Leaf Stem Seed Seed Stem [17, 18] [20] 189 benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy-alpha-[(methylamino) methyl] D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 190 N -methyl-propylamineD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 191 pentadecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 192 2-hexanamine, 5-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 193 benzenemethanol, 2-(2-aminopropoxy)-3-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 194 2-propanamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 195 2-aminononadecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 196 methanimidamide, N ,N -dimethyl-N -phenylD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 197 methylpent-4-enylamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 198 cyclobutanol D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 199 hexahydro farnesyl acetone D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 200 n-hexylmethylamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 201 ethylene bromohydrin D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 202 didodecyl phthalate D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 203 3-propoxyamphetamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 204 glycine, N-(N-acetyl-L-alanyl) butyl ester D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 205 2-propenamide D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 206 2-heptanol, 6-amino-2-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 207 benzene ethanamine, 4-fluoro-beta,3-dihydroxy-N-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 208 1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, 6-fluoro-beta-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 209 nonadecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 210 eicosane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 211 cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 212 diglucosyl caffeoyl ester D. glabrum Fruit Seed [27] 213 4- O -β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acidD. glabrum Fruit Seed [27] 214 azeroside A D. glabrum Root [26-28] 215 echisoside D. glabrum Root [26-28] 216 pleoside D. glabrum Root [26-28] 217 hyrcanoside D. glabrum Root [26-28] 218 azeroside B D. glabrum Root [26-28] 219 7,8-dihydroferulic acid-4- O -β-D-glucopyranosideD. glabrum Root [29, 30] 220 ferulic acid-4- O -β-D-glucopyranosideD. glabrum Root [30, 32] 221 4-methoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone-2-O-β-D-gentiobioside D. hyrcanum Root [33] 222 1(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy)- 3,7,11- trimethyl-3-vinyl-6( E ), 10 dodecadiene- 1- dioneD. hyrcanum Root [33] 223 chlorogenic acid D. glabrum Root [30] 224 cynarin D. glabrum Root [30] 225 4,5-diCQA (4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) D. glabrum Root [30] 226 6,7,8-trihydroxycoumarin D. glabrum Root [30, 34] 227 2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-2 S *,3R *-dimethyl-2-[4,8-dimethyl-3(E ),7-nonadienyl]-furo[3,2-c ]coumarinD. hyrcanum Root [33] 228 2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-2 R *,3R *dimethyl-2-[4,8-dimethyl-2283(E ),7-nonadienyl]-furo[3,2-c ]coumarinD. hyrcanum Root [33] 229 umbelliferone 7- O -β-D-glucoside (skimmin)D. glabrum Fruit Seed [27]
ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF DDorema spp .
Among 12 species of
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Table 3
Some of the most important ethnobotanical and traditional uses of
Dorema species in different countries.No Dorema speciesVernacular name Country Part used Ethnobotanical and traditional uses Ref 1 D. aitchisonii - The former Soviet Union Shoot The water extract from the young shoots is used to treat diseases of the stomach. [7] 2 D. ammoniacum Kandal Iran Gum, root Cystitis, digestive, treatment of colic, treatment of furuncles, expectorant, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, anticovulsion [6] Koma Iran Resin Antacid, digestive, treatment of colic, furuncles, expectorant, anthelmintic, emmenagogue and anticovulsion [46] Anghuzeh Iran Latex Asthma, expectorant, bronchitis, stomachache [37] Ammoniacum Jordan Resin Incense, blood sugar reduction [35] Kama eshterk Iran Gum Healing infected wound and infection, acne and abscess [36] Ganda ferooza Afghanistan Flowers Treatment of diarrhea, peptic ulcer and other gastric diseases [41] Ooshi Pakistan Gum Abortifacient [47] Oshagh Iran Gum Analgesic, antidote for toxins, laxative, sciatic pain [38] Kama eshterk Iran Gum Improvement of infectious wounds and infection, abscess in sheep and goats [48] 3 D. aucheri Kal Iran Latex Asthma, expectorant, bronchitis, making gum [37] Bilhar Iran Young aerial part Parasites of digestive system, constipation, use as vegetable, young stems are pickled [12] Kama, Eshterk, Balhareshterk Iran Gum Healing infected wound and infection, gasteralgia [36] Balhar, Kama, eshterk Iran Gum Improvement of infectious wounds and infection in sheep [48] Zou Iran Root Burn healing, cornicide [43] 4 D. aureum Oshtork Iran Gum Abortion, infection [49] 5 D. glabrum - Azerbaijan Republic Gum-resin Diuretic and anti-diarrheal agent as well as for the treatment of bronchitis and catarrh, cure of cancer [15] 6 D. hyrcanum - The former Soviet Union Resin As plasters to stop bleeding and to treat injuries in horses. [7] 7 D. sabulosum Ilyan Uzbekistan Root and stem Roots used as diuretic and for head and respiratory organs. tincture from green stem used as a remedy for head and heart illnesses. [45]
Western and Indian herbalists recommended it as an antispasmodic, expectorant, diaphoretic and emmenagogue agent and also for treatment of catarrh, asthma, chronic bronchitis and persistent coughing [39, 40].
Jordanian herbalist recommended the usage of the resin of
In Afghanistan, herbal medicine has been used under the name of Unani medicine for centuries. In different parts of Kabul, there are numerous Unani or Loqmani pharmacies locally called “Attari” where Hakims are prescribing the flowers of
In Pakistan,
In Iranian folk medicine,
Based on the folk beliefs of Azerbaijan and Armenian people,
In former times, some
In Uzbekistan, milky latex from the roots of
NATURE OF D. ammoniacum DESCRIBED IN ITM
In all of ITM literatures the Mizaj (temperament) of
“It is also called “agasyllon”, “criotheos”, or “heliastrus”, and the Romans call it “gutta”. Its smell is similar to castor odor with bitter taste.it has a good color, is not woody, without stones, similar to frankincense in little clots, clear and thick, without filth, this type is called “thrausma” and its earthy or stony kind is called “phurama” [51].
USES OF D. ammoniacum IN ITM
According to ITM texts,
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Arabic Ibn Nafis Qarshi 1213- 1288 A.D. Tohfah al-Momenin Persian Husseini Tonekaboni 17th century &md=tbl&idx=4' data-target="#file-modal"">Table 4Makhzan al-Adwiah Persian Aqili Khorasani 18th century Major ITM books and their authors that described medicinal properties of
Dorema spp..Book Language Author Living period Al-Qânun fi al-Tibbe Arabic Ibn Sina 980-1037 A.D. Zakhireh khârazmshâhi Persian Jorjâni 1042-1136 A.D. Al-Aghrâz al-Tibbe wa al-Mabâhethi al-Alâiiah Persian Jorjâni 1042-1136 A.D. Al-Jâmee le Mofradât al-Adwiah wa al-Aghziah Arabic Ibn Al-Baytâr 1193-1248 A.D. Tadhkirat Oli al-Albâb wa al-Jâme le al-Ajb al-Ujâb Arabic Antaki 1535-1599 A.D. Hadiqat al-Azhâr fi Mâhiyyat al-ushb wa al-uqqâr Arabic Ghasani 1547-1611 A.D. Al-Mujaz fi'l-Tibb Arabic Ibn Nafis Qarshi 1213- 1288 A.D. Tohfah al-Momenin Persian Husseini Tonekaboni 17th century Makhzan al-Adwiah Persian Aqili Khorasani 18th century
1. Liver and spleen
One of the most traditional uses of
The liniment of
2. Gastrointestinal system
In the most of the investigated ITM books,
3. Upper respiratory tract
The therapeutic properties of
4. Eyes
In all ITM records, treating ocular problems by
5. Central nervous systems
Due to descanting effects of
6. Genitourinary system
7. Skin
8. Joints and muscles
There are several records on the traditional use of
PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS
So far, various pharmacological activities have been reported from
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Table 5
In vitro studies of
Dorema spp..Species Part used Type of extraction Activity Tested pathogen/cell Result(s) Ref D. aucheri Gum Dichloromethane, methanol extract Anti-microbial activity E. coli ,K. pneumoniae ,P. aeruginosa ,C. albicans MIC: 20 and 40 mg/mL [59] D. ammoniacum Oleogum resin Dichloromethane and methanol extract Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal G+ and G– C: 500 and 1000 µg/mL [60] D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Methanol extract Anti-microbial activity S. aureus Enterococcus sp.C. albicans E. coli MIC:78 µg/mL [61] D. aucheri Aerial parts Methanol extract Anti-microbial and anti-oxidative B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli S. enterica MIC: 10-50 mg/mL [62] D. ammoniacum Ripe fruit Essential oil Anti-microbial activity B. subtilis S. epidermidis MIC: 3.75 mg/mL [22] D. aucheri Leaf Ethanol extract Anti-bacterial activity S. pyogenes P. aeruginosa MIC and MBC. 30 and 40 mg/mL [63] D. aucheri Aerial parts Hydro-alcoholic extract Cytotoxicity Artemia urmiana larve (lethaling brine shrimp)LC50 76.50 ± 0.60 μg/mL [64] D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts Kopetdaghins A, C and E Anti-inflammatory effect J774A.1 murine macrophages IC50: 474.1 ± 0.9, 496.4 ± 0.7 and 514.3 ± 0.4 μg/mL [2] D. aucheri Aerial parts Water/ethanol extract Anti-coccidial effects Fecal samples lowest (1.60) and the highest body weight (1.75) FCR [65] D. aucheri Roots EtOAc extract No scavenging, and anti-bacterial activities E. coli, S. flexneri S. aureus B. subtilis MIC: 0.156, E. coliIC50: 113.74 ± 0.21and 597.64 ± 0.33 μg/mL [66] D. aucheri Aerial parts Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts Genotoxicity evaluation HepG2 cell line Genotoxic effect: 500 μg/mL [67] D. glabrum Root n -hexane extractsApoptosis and cell cycle arrest Cancer cells IC50: 6.4,4.6 μg/mL [68] D. glabrum Seed Methanol extracts Apoptotic effects WEHI-164 cells Apoptosis and antiproliferative properties [69] D. ammoniacum Oleogum resin Methanol extracts Cytotoxic effects Saccaromyces cerevisiae IC12: 3.14 mg/mL [70] D. aucheri Aerial part Methanol extracts Cytotoxic activity HepG2 and A549 cells IC50: 20.09, 48.65 μg/mL [71] D. glabrum Seed Methanol extracts Cytotoxic effects WEHI-164 cells, mouse Fibrosarcoma cell line and L929 normal cells IC50: 50 μg/mL in 36 hours [72] D. glabrum Seeds Methanol extract Geno/cytotoxicty and apoptotic CAOV-4 cells IC50: 99.7, 87.3, 70.03 μg/mL at 48 h [73] D. glabrum Roots Essential oil Free radical scavenging DPPH assay RC50: 2.24 mg/mL [23] D. glabrum Aerial parts Methanol fraction Antioxidant DPPH assay IC50: 53.3 ± 4.7 μg/mL [21]
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Table 6
In vivo studies of
Dorema spp..Species Parts used Type of extraction Activity Study design Result(s) Ref D. aucheri Leaves Hydroalcoholic extract Hypolipidemic Diabetic rats model; orally; 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks; a randomized controlled clinical trial Useful in treatment of diabetes, remarkable change in serum lipid profiles [73] D. hyrcanum Roots Methanol extract Antiplasmodial effect Mice model; injection ; 10 mg/mL for 4 days 4-day suppressive test against nicd strain of in mice Good suppression plasmodium berghei infection activity, inhibiting 68.1% of the parasite growth[33] D. aucheri Leaves Ethanol95% Hepatotoxicity Albino mice model; injections; 3.2 mL/kg; three times every 48 hours Inflammation of the liver tissue, cell proliferation, cholestasis, and a great release of liver enzymes [74] D. aucheri Aerial parts Essential oil Anti-diabetic effect Patients with type ii diabetes; randomized clinical trial; 500 mg for 45 days Biological effects through PPAR -γ activation[24] D. urmiana Aerial parts Hydro alcohol extract Cytotoxicity Larvae of artemia urmiana ; 24 hours; 12 mg rutin/g extractlc50 76.50 ± 0.60 μg/mL potent brine shrimp lethality [64] D. aucheri Leaves Water/ethanol 95° mixture Anti-coccidial Chickens model; orally; after 22 day of age; 30 mg/kg Effective in control of coccidiosis [65] D. ammoniacum Gum Water extract Anticonvulsant activity Male albino mice model; 700 mg/kg; injection Showed significant anticonvulsant activity [75] D. aucheri Root Hydroalcoholic extract Effects on pituitary gonad axis hormones Adult male rat model; orally; 200 mg/kg for 28 days Increased lh concentrations [76]
CONCLUSION
Ethnobotanical and traditional medicines are considered as valuable approaches for discovering new medicines because of antiquity medical usage of them over generations. In the current review, the beneficial properties and applications of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by grants from Research Affairs of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflicts od interest.
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Table 1 . Scientific names and synonyms of reported
Dorema species worldwide [according to The Plant List (2013)].No Dorema species (Accepted names)Synonyms 1 D. aitchisonii Korovin ex Pimenov2 D. ammoniacum D.DonD. gummiferum (Jaub. & Spach) K.M.Korol.D. hirsutum Lofius ex I.G.Borshch.3 D. aucheri Boiss.D. robustum Lofius ex I.G.Borshch.4 D. aureum Stocks5 D. badhysi Pimenov6 D. balchanorum Pimenov7 D. glabrum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.8 D. hyrcanum Koso-Pol.D. gummiferum auct.9 D. karataviense Korovin10 D. kopetdaghense Pimenov11 D. microcarpum KorovinD. namanganicum K.M. Korol.12 D. sabulosum Litv.D. sabulosum var.borszczowii Litv.
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Table 2 . Chemical composition from different parts of
Dorema species.Name of compound Structure Species Plant part Ref Essential oil components 1 α-pinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Aerial parts Flower Stem Seed Leaf Root Leaves Aerial parts Stem Seed Aerial parts [14-18] [19, 20] [21] 2 camphene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Stem Root Seed Stem [14] [19, 20] 3 β-pinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Stem Root Seed Stem [14] [19, 20] 4 β-myrcene D. aucheri D. glabrum D. ammoniacum Seed Stem Aerial part Flower Stem Root Leaves [19, 20] [21] [14, 17, 18] 5 p -cymeneD. ammoniacum Aerial parts Flower stem Root [14, 15, 18] 6 limonene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Flower stem Seed Root Leaf Leaves Aerial parts Seed Stem Aerial parts [14, 16, 18] [19, 20] [21] 7 β-phellandrene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Root [15] 8 1,3,8- p -menthatrieneD. ammoniacum Aerial part [22] 9 p -mentha-1,8-dieneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 10 ( E )-β-ocimeneD. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Flower Stem Root Leaves Aerial parts Aerial parts [14, 18] [19] [21] 11 ( Z )-β-ocimeneD. glabrum D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Stem Leaves [21] [18] 12 terpinolene (δ-terpinene) D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Aerial parts Flower Root Stem Leaf Leaves Aerial parts Seed Stem [14, 15, 17-19] [19, 20] 13 terpinene-4-ol D. aucheri Aerial part [20] 14 thymol methyl ether D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Root Seed Aerial parts [14, 16] [19] 15 thymol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Seed Stem Aerial part Seed Stem [16] [20] 16 methyl geranate D. aucheri Aerial part [19] 17 carvacrol methyl ether D. ammoniacum D. glabrum Flower Stem Root Root [14] [23] 18 carvacrol D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Stem Seed Stem Seed [20] [16] 19 methyleugenol D. ammoniacum Seed [16] 20 bornyl acetate D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Stem Root Leaves Aerial parts Seed Stem [14, 18] [19, 20] 21 fenchyl acetate D. glabrum Aerial parts [21] 22 endo-fenchol D. ammoniacum Leaf [18] 23 α-fenchyl Acetate D. glabrum Root [23] 24 α-cubebene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Fruit Stem Root Aerial parts [14, 22] [19] 25 β-cubebene D. aucheri Aerial parts [20] 26 β-elemene D. aucheri Aerial parts [20] 27 α-copaene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Flower Fruit Stem Seed Leaves Root Aerial parts Seed Stem Root [14, 16, 22] [19, 20] [23] 28 β-copaene D. aucheri Aerial parts [22] 29 aristolene D. ammoniacum Flower stem [14] 30 β-patchoulene D. aucheri Aerial parts [19] 31 α-gurjunene D. ammoniacum Flower stem [14, 16] 32 β-gurjunene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower Stem Root Aerial parts Seed Stem [14] [19, 20] 33 β-caryophyllene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Seed Root Leaf Aerial parts Seed Stem [14, 16, 17] [19, 20, 24] 34 caryophyllene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 35 α-santalene D. aucheri Aerial parts [19] 36 aromadendrene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Seed Root Aerial parts [14, 16] [19] 37 α-guaiene D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14] 38 benzyl butanoate D. ammoniacum Root [14] 39 α-himachalene D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14] 40 allo-aromadendrene D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14] 41 dehydroaromadendrane D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14, 16] 42 α-amorphene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Root Seed Stem [14] [20] 43 δ-amorphene D. ammoniacum Flower stem Root [14] 44 β-selinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Flower stem Seed Root Seed Stem [14, 16] [20] 45 α-selinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Aerial part Flower Root Stem Seed Stem [14, 15] [20] 46 viridiflorene D. aucheri Aerial part [19] 47 α-muurolene D. ammoniacum D. glabrum Flower, stem Root Root [14] [23] 48 γ-muurolene D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 49 cadalene D. glabrum Root [23] 50 δ-cadinene D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Flower seed Stem Aerial parts Seed Stem Root [14, 16, 17] [18, 20, 24] [23] 51 γ-cadinene D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Seed Stem [19] [16] 52 cadina-1,4-diene D. aucheri Aerial part [19] 53 trans -cadina-1(2),4-dieneD. ammoniacum Stem [16] 54 β-sesquiphellandrene D. ammoniacum Seed [16] 55 ledol D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 56 liguloxide D. ammoniacum Flower Root Stem [14] 57 ( E )-nerolidolD. ammoniacum D. glabrum Flower Root Leaf Stem Seed Root [14, 16, 17] [23] 58 3- n -butyl phthalideD. ammoniacum Root [14] 59 2-pentylfuran D. glabrum Aerial parts [21] 60 myristicin D. glabrum Aerial parts [21] 61 elemicin D. glabrum Aerial parts [21] 62 methyl heptenone D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 63 trans -sesquisabinene hydrateD. aucheri Aerial parts [19] 64 γ-eudesmol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Seed Stem Aerial parts [16] [19] 65 α-eudesmol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Seed Stem Aerial parts [16] [19, 24] 66 β-eudesmol D. ammoniacum Seed Stem [16] 67 sesquicineol-2-one D. ammoniacum Seed Stem [16] 68 germacrene D-4-ol D. aucheri Aerial part [19] 69 α-cadinol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri D. glabrum Stem Seed Aerial parts Root [16] [19] [23] 70 δ-cadinol D. glabrum Root [23] 71 spathulenol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Fruit Seed Stem Seed Stem [16, 22] [20] 72 caryophyllene oxide D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Fruit Seed Stem Leaf Seed Stem [16, 17, 22] [20] 73 4-methylene-5-hexenal D. ammoniacum Stem [18] 74 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one D. ammoniacum Stem [18] 75 allyl tiglate D. ammoniacum Stem [18] 76 nerolidyl acetate D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 77 ammoresinol D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [25] 78 nonanol D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 79 camphor D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 80 trans -2-caren-4-olD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 81 β-cyclocitral D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 82 piperitenone oxide D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 83 ( E )-2-nonenalD. ammoniacum Stem [18] 84 β-citronellol D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 85 β-damascenone D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 86 cedr-8[15]-ene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 87 cubenol D. aucheri D. glabrum Aerial parts Root [19] [23] 88 thujopsene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 89 ylangene D. glabrum D. aucheri Aerial parts Seed Stem [21] [20] 90 nerylacetone D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15, 17] 91 geranyl acetone D. glabrum Aerial parts Root [21] [23] 92 ( E )-tagetoneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 93 ( Z )-tagetoneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 94 ( Z )-ocimenoneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 95 ( E )-ocimenoneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 96 α-bisabolene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 97 β-bourbonene D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Seed Stem Fruit [20] [22] 98 italicene D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 99 di-epi-α-cedrene D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 100 α-longipinene D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 101 α-cedrene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 102 β-cedrene D. glabrum D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Fruit [21] [22] 103 β-barbatene D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 104 α-humulene D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Seed Stem Fruit [17, 18] [22] 105 ar -curcumeneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 106 germacrene D D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Stem Seed Seed Stem Fruit [17, 18] [16, 22] 107 germacrene B D. aucheri D. glabrum Aerial parts Aerial parts Root [19] [21, 23] 108 bicyclogermacrene D. ammoniacum Fruit Seed [16, 22] 109 cuparene D. glabrum D. aucheri D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Sead Stem Fruit [21] [20] [24] 110 α-cadinene D. ammoniacum Fruit Stem [16, 22] 111 2-nonanone D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 112 ( Z )-hexadec-11-enalD. ammoniacum Stem [16] 113 hexadecanal D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 114 ethyl linoleate D. ammoniacum Stem [16] 115 ( Z ,E )-farnesalD. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 116 pentadecanal D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 117 dodecyl methacrylate D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 118 17-octadecenal D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 119 13-tetradecenal D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 120 tetradecanal D. glabrum D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Stem Seed [21] [16] 121 trans -sesquilavandulolD. ammoniacum Seed Stem [16] 122 neophytadiene D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15, 17] 123 neocembren D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 124 ( E )-5-undecen-3-yneD. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 125 ( Z )-(E )-farneseneD. ammoniacum Aerial parts [22] 126 trans -β-farneseneD. ammoniacum Seed [16] 127 n -hexadecanoic acidD. ammoniacum D. aucheri Aerial parts [15] [19] 128 kopetdaghin A D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [2, 26] 129 kopetdaghin B D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [26] 130 kopetdaghin C D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [2, 26] 131 kopetdaghin D D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [2, 26] 132 kopetdaghin E D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts [2, 26] 133 hexadecan D. aucheri Aerial parts [21] 134 decanol D. ammoniacum Stem [18] 135 heptadecanoic acid D. ammoniacum Fruit [22] 136 oleic acid D. ammoniacum Aerial parts [15] 137 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 138 methylbenzene D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 139 cyclohexane, 1,3-dimethyl, trans D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 140 valeraldehyde D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 141 octane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 142 imidazole-5-carboxylic acid, 2-amino D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 143 butyl acetate D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 144 cyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl, cis D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 145 N,N-dimethyl cyclobutane-1,1-bis(methylamine) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 146 furfural D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 147 deuteroacetone D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 148 styrene D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 149 1-methyldodecylamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 150 aziridine, 1-(2-buten-2-yl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 151 sabinene D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 152 decane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem Seed [17, 18] 153 acetamide, 2-chloro D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 154 2-butylamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 155 phenyl acetaldehyde D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 156 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine-6-carboxylic acid D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 157 benzenamine, N-methyl-2-(2-propenyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 158 undecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem Seed [17, 18] 159 limonene oxide D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 160 isopropyl isocyanate D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 161 2-hexanamine, 4-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 162 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyrone D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 163 dodecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 164 2,4-hexadiene, 3-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 165 β-fenchyl alcohol D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 166 homarine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 167 2-( N ,N -dimethyl hydrazino) cyclohexane carbonitrileD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 168 phenol, 4-(2-aminopropyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 169 2-oxo-3-methyl- cis -perhydro-1,3-benzoxazineD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 170 trans -carveolD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 171 benzene, (2-fluoro-2-methoxycyclopropyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 172 2(1H)-naphthalenone, octahydro-8a-methyl, trans D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 173 p -methoxyamphetamineD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 174 2-cyclohexen-1-one, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 175 2-methyl amphetamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 176 2-methoxy amphetamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 177 tridecane D. ammoniacum D. glabrum Leaf Stem Aerial parts [17] [21] 178 benzenemethanol, alpha-(1-aminoethyl) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 179 naphthalene, 1,2-dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 180 rimantadine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 181 heptadecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 182 calarene D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 183 1-[a-(1-adamantyl) benzylidene] thiosemicarbazide D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 184 benzenemethanol, 3-hydroxy-alpha-[(methylamino) methyl] D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 185 1 S- cis -calameneneD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 186 calamenene D. glabrum Root [23] 187 aptrol (4-Methylamphetamine) D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 188 farnesol D. ammoniacum D. aucheri Leaf Stem Seed Seed Stem [17, 18] [20] 189 benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy-alpha-[(methylamino) methyl] D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 190 N -methyl-propylamineD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 191 pentadecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 192 2-hexanamine, 5-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 193 benzenemethanol, 2-(2-aminopropoxy)-3-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 194 2-propanamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 195 2-aminononadecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 196 methanimidamide, N ,N -dimethyl-N -phenylD. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 197 methylpent-4-enylamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 198 cyclobutanol D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 199 hexahydro farnesyl acetone D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 200 n-hexylmethylamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 201 ethylene bromohydrin D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 202 didodecyl phthalate D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 203 3-propoxyamphetamine D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 204 glycine, N-(N-acetyl-L-alanyl) butyl ester D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 205 2-propenamide D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 206 2-heptanol, 6-amino-2-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 207 benzene ethanamine, 4-fluoro-beta,3-dihydroxy-N-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 208 1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, 6-fluoro-beta-methyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 209 nonadecane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 210 eicosane D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 211 cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl D. ammoniacum Leaf Stem [17] 212 diglucosyl caffeoyl ester D. glabrum Fruit Seed [27] 213 4- O -β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acidD. glabrum Fruit Seed [27] 214 azeroside A D. glabrum Root [26-28] 215 echisoside D. glabrum Root [26-28] 216 pleoside D. glabrum Root [26-28] 217 hyrcanoside D. glabrum Root [26-28] 218 azeroside B D. glabrum Root [26-28] 219 7,8-dihydroferulic acid-4- O -β-D-glucopyranosideD. glabrum Root [29, 30] 220 ferulic acid-4- O -β-D-glucopyranosideD. glabrum Root [30, 32] 221 4-methoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone-2-O-β-D-gentiobioside D. hyrcanum Root [33] 222 1(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy)- 3,7,11- trimethyl-3-vinyl-6( E ), 10 dodecadiene- 1- dioneD. hyrcanum Root [33] 223 chlorogenic acid D. glabrum Root [30] 224 cynarin D. glabrum Root [30] 225 4,5-diCQA (4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) D. glabrum Root [30] 226 6,7,8-trihydroxycoumarin D. glabrum Root [30, 34] 227 2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-2 S *,3R *-dimethyl-2-[4,8-dimethyl-3(E ),7-nonadienyl]-furo[3,2-c ]coumarinD. hyrcanum Root [33] 228 2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-2 R *,3R *dimethyl-2-[4,8-dimethyl-2283(E ),7-nonadienyl]-furo[3,2-c ]coumarinD. hyrcanum Root [33] 229 umbelliferone 7- O -β-D-glucoside (skimmin)D. glabrum Fruit Seed [27]
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Table 3 . Some of the most important ethnobotanical and traditional uses of
Dorema species in different countries.No Dorema speciesVernacular name Country Part used Ethnobotanical and traditional uses Ref 1 D. aitchisonii - The former Soviet Union Shoot The water extract from the young shoots is used to treat diseases of the stomach. [7] 2 D. ammoniacum Kandal Iran Gum, root Cystitis, digestive, treatment of colic, treatment of furuncles, expectorant, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, anticovulsion [6] Koma Iran Resin Antacid, digestive, treatment of colic, furuncles, expectorant, anthelmintic, emmenagogue and anticovulsion [46] Anghuzeh Iran Latex Asthma, expectorant, bronchitis, stomachache [37] Ammoniacum Jordan Resin Incense, blood sugar reduction [35] Kama eshterk Iran Gum Healing infected wound and infection, acne and abscess [36] Ganda ferooza Afghanistan Flowers Treatment of diarrhea, peptic ulcer and other gastric diseases [41] Ooshi Pakistan Gum Abortifacient [47] Oshagh Iran Gum Analgesic, antidote for toxins, laxative, sciatic pain [38] Kama eshterk Iran Gum Improvement of infectious wounds and infection, abscess in sheep and goats [48] 3 D. aucheri Kal Iran Latex Asthma, expectorant, bronchitis, making gum [37] Bilhar Iran Young aerial part Parasites of digestive system, constipation, use as vegetable, young stems are pickled [12] Kama, Eshterk, Balhareshterk Iran Gum Healing infected wound and infection, gasteralgia [36] Balhar, Kama, eshterk Iran Gum Improvement of infectious wounds and infection in sheep [48] Zou Iran Root Burn healing, cornicide [43] 4 D. aureum Oshtork Iran Gum Abortion, infection [49] 5 D. glabrum - Azerbaijan Republic Gum-resin Diuretic and anti-diarrheal agent as well as for the treatment of bronchitis and catarrh, cure of cancer [15] 6 D. hyrcanum - The former Soviet Union Resin As plasters to stop bleeding and to treat injuries in horses. [7] 7 D. sabulosum Ilyan Uzbekistan Root and stem Roots used as diuretic and for head and respiratory organs. tincture from green stem used as a remedy for head and heart illnesses. [45]
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Table 4 . Major ITM books and their authors that described medicinal properties of
Dorema spp..Book Language Author Living period Al-Qânun fi al-Tibbe Arabic Ibn Sina 980-1037 A.D. Zakhireh khârazmshâhi Persian Jorjâni 1042-1136 A.D. Al-Aghrâz al-Tibbe wa al-Mabâhethi al-Alâiiah Persian Jorjâni 1042-1136 A.D. Al-Jâmee le Mofradât al-Adwiah wa al-Aghziah Arabic Ibn Al-Baytâr 1193-1248 A.D. Tadhkirat Oli al-Albâb wa al-Jâme le al-Ajb al-Ujâb Arabic Antaki 1535-1599 A.D. Hadiqat al-Azhâr fi Mâhiyyat al-ushb wa al-uqqâr Arabic Ghasani 1547-1611 A.D. Al-Mujaz fi'l-Tibb Arabic Ibn Nafis Qarshi 1213- 1288 A.D. Tohfah al-Momenin Persian Husseini Tonekaboni 17th century Makhzan al-Adwiah Persian Aqili Khorasani 18th century
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Table 5 . In vitro studies of
Dorema spp..Species Part used Type of extraction Activity Tested pathogen/cell Result(s) Ref D. aucheri Gum Dichloromethane, methanol extract Anti-microbial activity E. coli ,K. pneumoniae ,P. aeruginosa ,C. albicans MIC: 20 and 40 mg/mL [59] D. ammoniacum Oleogum resin Dichloromethane and methanol extract Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal G+ and G– C: 500 and 1000 µg/mL [60] D. ammoniacum Aerial parts Methanol extract Anti-microbial activity S. aureus Enterococcus sp.C. albicans E. coli MIC:78 µg/mL [61] D. aucheri Aerial parts Methanol extract Anti-microbial and anti-oxidative B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli S. enterica MIC: 10-50 mg/mL [62] D. ammoniacum Ripe fruit Essential oil Anti-microbial activity B. subtilis S. epidermidis MIC: 3.75 mg/mL [22] D. aucheri Leaf Ethanol extract Anti-bacterial activity S. pyogenes P. aeruginosa MIC and MBC. 30 and 40 mg/mL [63] D. aucheri Aerial parts Hydro-alcoholic extract Cytotoxicity Artemia urmiana larve (lethaling brine shrimp)LC50 76.50 ± 0.60 μg/mL [64] D. kopetdaghense Aerial parts Kopetdaghins A, C and E Anti-inflammatory effect J774A.1 murine macrophages IC50: 474.1 ± 0.9, 496.4 ± 0.7 and 514.3 ± 0.4 μg/mL [2] D. aucheri Aerial parts Water/ethanol extract Anti-coccidial effects Fecal samples lowest (1.60) and the highest body weight (1.75) FCR [65] D. aucheri Roots EtOAc extract No scavenging, and anti-bacterial activities E. coli, S. flexneri S. aureus B. subtilis MIC: 0.156, E. coliIC50: 113.74 ± 0.21and 597.64 ± 0.33 μg/mL [66] D. aucheri Aerial parts Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts Genotoxicity evaluation HepG2 cell line Genotoxic effect: 500 μg/mL [67] D. glabrum Root n -hexane extractsApoptosis and cell cycle arrest Cancer cells IC50: 6.4,4.6 μg/mL [68] D. glabrum Seed Methanol extracts Apoptotic effects WEHI-164 cells Apoptosis and antiproliferative properties [69] D. ammoniacum Oleogum resin Methanol extracts Cytotoxic effects Saccaromyces cerevisiae IC12: 3.14 mg/mL [70] D. aucheri Aerial part Methanol extracts Cytotoxic activity HepG2 and A549 cells IC50: 20.09, 48.65 μg/mL [71] D. glabrum Seed Methanol extracts Cytotoxic effects WEHI-164 cells, mouse Fibrosarcoma cell line and L929 normal cells IC50: 50 μg/mL in 36 hours [72] D. glabrum Seeds Methanol extract Geno/cytotoxicty and apoptotic CAOV-4 cells IC50: 99.7, 87.3, 70.03 μg/mL at 48 h [73] D. glabrum Roots Essential oil Free radical scavenging DPPH assay RC50: 2.24 mg/mL [23] D. glabrum Aerial parts Methanol fraction Antioxidant DPPH assay IC50: 53.3 ± 4.7 μg/mL [21]
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Table 6 . In vivo studies of
Dorema spp..Species Parts used Type of extraction Activity Study design Result(s) Ref D. aucheri Leaves Hydroalcoholic extract Hypolipidemic Diabetic rats model; orally; 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks; a randomized controlled clinical trial Useful in treatment of diabetes, remarkable change in serum lipid profiles [73] D. hyrcanum Roots Methanol extract Antiplasmodial effect Mice model; injection ; 10 mg/mL for 4 days 4-day suppressive test against nicd strain of in mice Good suppression plasmodium berghei infection activity, inhibiting 68.1% of the parasite growth[33] D. aucheri Leaves Ethanol95% Hepatotoxicity Albino mice model; injections; 3.2 mL/kg; three times every 48 hours Inflammation of the liver tissue, cell proliferation, cholestasis, and a great release of liver enzymes [74] D. aucheri Aerial parts Essential oil Anti-diabetic effect Patients with type ii diabetes; randomized clinical trial; 500 mg for 45 days Biological effects through PPAR -γ activation[24] D. urmiana Aerial parts Hydro alcohol extract Cytotoxicity Larvae of artemia urmiana ; 24 hours; 12 mg rutin/g extractlc50 76.50 ± 0.60 μg/mL potent brine shrimp lethality [64] D. aucheri Leaves Water/ethanol 95° mixture Anti-coccidial Chickens model; orally; after 22 day of age; 30 mg/kg Effective in control of coccidiosis [65] D. ammoniacum Gum Water extract Anticonvulsant activity Male albino mice model; 700 mg/kg; injection Showed significant anticonvulsant activity [75] D. aucheri Root Hydroalcoholic extract Effects on pituitary gonad axis hormones Adult male rat model; orally; 200 mg/kg for 28 days Increased lh concentrations [76]
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